Dogs possess an extraordinary sense of smell, often relied upon for tasks such as search and rescue, detection of explosives, and even identifying diseases in humans. However, rare cancers in dogs can significantly affect this vital ability. This article explores how uncommon canine cancers impact odor detection capabilities, shedding light on the underlying mechanisms and implications for affected dogs.
Understanding Canine Olfaction
A dog’s sense of smell is one of its most remarkable traits. With up to 300 million olfactory receptors, dogs can detect scents at incredibly low concentrations. This ability is not only crucial for their survival but also makes them invaluable in various service roles.
Rare Canine Cancers and Their Effects
While many cancers can impact a dog’s overall health, certain rare cancers specifically affect the nasal passages, brain, and nervous system, directly influencing their olfactory abilities. Here are some examples:
Nasal Tumors: Cancers such as nasal adenocarcinoma can obstruct the nasal passages, reducing a dog’s ability to detect scents. These tumors can cause inflammation, bleeding, and physical blockage of the nasal cavities.
Olfactory Neuroblastoma: This rare cancer originates in the olfactory nerve, directly impacting the sense of smell. Symptoms may include nasal discharge, sneezing, and a noticeable decrease in olfactory function.
Brain Tumors: Tumors affecting the olfactory bulb or other regions of the brain involved in scent processing can impair a dog’s ability to interpret smells. This can lead to confusion and behavioral changes.
Symptoms and Diagnosis
Detecting these cancers early is crucial for managing their impact on a dog’s olfactory abilities. Key symptoms to watch for include:
Persistent nasal discharge or bleeding
Sneezing and nasal obstruction
Behavioral changes such as disorientation
Decreased interest in scent-based activities
Veterinarians may use imaging techniques like MRI or CT scans, along with biopsy procedures, to diagnose these rare cancers accurately.
Impact on Service Dogs
Service dogs, such as those trained for search and rescue or medical detection, rely heavily on their sense of smell. Rare cancers affecting olfaction can compromise their ability to perform their duties, necessitating early detection and appropriate intervention.
Treatment Options
Treatment for cancers affecting a dog’s sense of smell depends on the type and stage of the cancer. Options may include:
Surgery: To remove tumors obstructing the nasal passages or affecting the olfactory nerve.
Radiation Therapy: Effective for shrinking tumors in sensitive areas like the nasal cavity or brain.
Chemotherapy: Used to target and destroy cancer cells, though its efficacy varies with the cancer type.
Research and Advances
Recent advancements in veterinary oncology have led to better diagnostic tools and treatment options for rare canine cancers. For example, research into targeted therapies and immunotherapy offers hope for more effective and less invasive treatments.
Rare canine cancers can profoundly impact a dog’s olfactory abilities, affecting their quality of life and their ability to perform essential tasks. Early detection, accurate diagnosis, and appropriate treatment are crucial in managing these cancers and preserving a dog’s sense of smell.
Understanding the intricate relationship between canine cancer and blood sugar levels is vital for pet owners and veterinarians. Recent studies suggest that managing blood sugar levels can play a crucial role in the treatment and prevention of cancer in dogs. This article delves into the connection between cancer and blood sugar, highlighting key insights and practical steps for maintaining your dog’s health.
How Blood Sugar Levels Affect Canine Cancer
1. The Role of Glucose in Cancer Growth
Cancer cells thrive on glucose, using it as a primary energy source to fuel their rapid growth and proliferation. Elevated blood sugar levels can create an environment that supports the development and spread of cancer. By understanding this connection, pet owners can take proactive steps to regulate their dog’s blood sugar, potentially slowing cancer progression.
2. Insulin Resistance and Cancer Risk
Just like in humans, insulin resistance in dogs can lead to elevated blood sugar levels. Insulin resistance occurs when cells become less responsive to insulin, a hormone that helps regulate blood sugar. This condition not only increases the risk of diabetes but also creates a favorable environment for cancer cells to grow. Monitoring and managing insulin resistance is, therefore, a crucial aspect of cancer prevention and treatment in dogs.
Symptoms and Diagnosis
Recognizing the symptoms of blood sugar imbalances and cancer in dogs is essential for early detection and intervention. Common signs include:
Increased Thirst and Urination: These can indicate high blood sugar levels.
Unexplained Weight Loss: Despite eating well, weight loss can signal diabetes or cancer.
Lethargy: Low energy levels can be a symptom of both high blood sugar and cancer.
Frequent Infections: High blood sugar can weaken the immune system, making dogs more susceptible to infections.
Visible Tumors or Lumps: Physical signs of cancer that require immediate veterinary attention.
To diagnose these conditions, veterinarians may perform blood tests, glucose tolerance tests, and biopsies to identify the underlying issues and develop a treatment plan.
Managing Blood Sugar Levels in Dogs with Cancer
1. Diet and Nutrition
A balanced diet low in simple sugars and high in protein and fiber can help regulate blood sugar levels. Foods with a low glycemic index release glucose slowly, preventing spikes in blood sugar. Consider incorporating these elements into your dog’s diet:
Lean Proteins: Chicken, turkey, and fish
Fiber-Rich Vegetables: Green beans, carrots, and pumpkin
Whole Grains: Brown rice and oats
Consult with your veterinarian to create a tailored nutrition plan that meets your dog’s specific needs.
2. Regular Exercise
Physical activity helps regulate blood sugar levels and maintain a healthy weight, reducing the risk of both diabetes and cancer. Engage your dog in regular walks, play sessions, and activities that keep them active and fit.
3. Medications and Supplements
In some cases, veterinarians may prescribe medications to manage blood sugar levels or recommend supplements that support metabolic health. These can include:
Insulin: For dogs diagnosed with diabetes
Omega-3 Fatty Acids: To support overall health and reduce inflammation
Antioxidants: To combat oxidative stress and support the immune system
4. Regular Monitoring
Frequent veterinary check-ups and blood tests are crucial for monitoring your dog’s blood sugar levels and overall health. Early detection of any imbalances allows for prompt adjustments to their treatment plan.
Understanding the link between canine cancer and blood sugar levels offers a new perspective on managing your dog’s health. By maintaining balanced blood sugar levels through proper diet, exercise, and veterinary care, you can create a healthier environment that may help prevent or slow the progression of cancer. Stay proactive and informed to ensure your furry friend enjoys a long, healthy life.
In recent years, Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) has gained popularity not just for human health, but also for the well-being of our furry friends. TCM offers a holistic approach to canine health, focusing on balance and harmony within the body. This article will delve into the unique benefits of TCM for dogs, exploring various treatments and their applications in modern veterinary care.
Understanding Traditional Chinese Medicine for Dogs
Traditional Chinese Medicine is an ancient system of health care that has been practiced for thousands of years. It includes various modalities such as acupuncture, herbal medicine, and dietary therapy, all aimed at restoring balance to the body’s vital energies or “Qi.”
Benefits of TCM for Dogs
Natural Healing: TCM uses natural herbs and treatments, making it a gentle and effective option for dogs. Unlike some conventional medications, TCM typically has fewer side effects and can be tailored to each dog’s specific needs.
Holistic Approach: TCM practitioners view the body as an interconnected system. Treatments aim to address the root causes of health issues rather than just alleviating symptoms. This holistic approach can lead to more comprehensive and lasting health improvements.
Preventive Care: One of the core principles of TCM is prevention. Regular TCM treatments can help maintain your dog’s overall health, boosting immunity, improving digestion, and enhancing vitality.
Pain Management: Acupuncture and herbal remedies are particularly effective in managing pain, especially for conditions like arthritis, hip dysplasia, and post-surgical recovery. These treatments can provide relief and improve the quality of life for senior dogs or those with chronic conditions.
Common TCM Treatments for Dogs
Acupuncture: Acupuncture involves inserting fine needles into specific points on the body to stimulate healing and relieve pain. It can be used to treat a variety of conditions, including musculoskeletal issues, neurological disorders, and digestive problems.
Herbal Medicine: TCM herbal formulas are tailored to each dog’s individual constitution and health needs. Commonly used herbs include astragalus for boosting the immune system, licorice for its anti-inflammatory properties, and turmeric for its antioxidant benefits.
Dietary Therapy: Diet plays a crucial role in TCM. Foods are chosen based on their energetic properties and their ability to balance the body’s Qi. For example, cooling foods like cucumber can help reduce inflammation, while warming foods like ginger can boost circulation.
Tui Na Massage: Tui Na is a form of Chinese therapeutic massage that helps stimulate acupuncture points, improve circulation, and promote relaxation. It can be particularly beneficial for dogs with anxiety, joint issues, or muscle tension.
Integrating TCM with Conventional Veterinary Care
TCM can complement conventional veterinary treatments, providing a more comprehensive approach to your dog’s health. Many veterinarians are now recognizing the benefits of integrative medicine, combining the best of both worlds to enhance treatment outcomes.
Conclusion
Traditional Chinese Medicine offers a unique and effective approach to canine health, emphasizing natural healing, holistic care, and prevention. By integrating TCM into your dog’s healthcare routine, you can help ensure a balanced and vibrant life for your furry friend. Whether through acupuncture, herbal medicine, dietary adjustments, or therapeutic massage, TCM provides valuable tools to support your dog’s well-being in a natural and harmonious way.
Stomach cancer in dogs is a dreaded diagnosis for any pet owner. Although it is relatively rare, its impact can be profound. Understanding the causes of stomach cancer in dogs and how to prevent it is crucial for every pet parent. In this article, we will explore some lesser-known causes of stomach cancer in dogs and offer practical tips for prevention.
What is Stomach Cancer in Dogs?
Stomach cancer, also known as gastric cancer, is a malignant tumor that develops in the lining of a dog’s stomach. The most common type of stomach cancer in dogs is adenocarcinoma, but other types like leiomyosarcoma, lymphoma, and mast cell tumors can also occur.
Surprising Causes of Stomach Cancer in Dogs
Genetic Predisposition: Some dog breeds are more prone to developing stomach cancer due to genetic factors. Breeds such as the Belgian Shepherd, Rough Collie, and Staffordshire Bull Terrier have a higher incidence of gastric cancer.
Diet and Nutrition: A poor diet lacking in essential nutrients can contribute to the development of stomach cancer. Feeding your dog low-quality, highly processed foods with artificial additives and preservatives can increase the risk.
Environmental Factors: Exposure to certain environmental toxins, such as pesticides, herbicides, and industrial chemicals, can increase the likelihood of a dog developing stomach cancer. Dogs living in areas with high pollution levels are particularly at risk.
Helicobacter Infection: Chronic infection with Helicobacter pylori, a type of bacteria, has been linked to the development of stomach cancer in both humans and dogs. This bacterium can cause long-term inflammation and damage to the stomach lining, leading to cancer.
Age and Health Conditions: Older dogs and those with pre-existing health conditions, such as chronic gastritis or inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), are more susceptible to developing stomach cancer. The prolonged inflammation and irritation can lead to malignant transformations in the stomach lining.
Prevention Tips for Dog Owners
Provide a Balanced Diet: Ensure your dog receives a well-balanced diet rich in high-quality proteins, healthy fats, and essential vitamins and minerals. Avoid foods with artificial additives, preservatives, and low nutritional value.
Regular Veterinary Check-ups: Regular veterinary check-ups are essential for early detection of any health issues. Your vet can perform routine screenings and recommend preventive measures based on your dog’s specific needs.
Minimize Exposure to Toxins: Reduce your dog’s exposure to environmental toxins by avoiding the use of harmful chemicals in your home and garden. Opt for natural and pet-safe alternatives whenever possible.
Maintain a Healthy Weight: Obesity can increase the risk of various cancers, including stomach cancer. Ensure your dog maintains a healthy weight through a balanced diet and regular exercise.
Monitor for Symptoms: Be vigilant for any signs of stomach cancer, such as vomiting, loss of appetite, weight loss, abdominal pain, and blood in the vomit or stool. Early detection can significantly improve the chances of successful treatment.
Conclusion
While stomach cancer in dogs is a serious and potentially life-threatening condition, understanding the surprising causes and implementing preventive measures can help reduce the risk. By providing a healthy diet, regular veterinary care, and a toxin-free environment, you can contribute to your dog’s overall well-being and longevity.
Professional Academic Guide for Integrated Tumor Management in Dogs and Cats
A professional reference page for veterinarians, veterinary oncologists, TCVM practitioners, and related professionals. This page is designed to support veterinary review when pet owners, caregivers, or clinical teams are considering TCMVET Baituxiao as part of an integrated tumor-management plan. The online page supports convenient reading and navigation, while the full PDF guide remains the formal release version for complete review, citation, and archival use.
These Baituxiao Guidelines provide a professional online overview of the TCMVET Baituxiao Veterinary Academic Guide for dogs and cats. TCMVET Baituxiao is presented in this professional guide as a compound herbal supplement developed from the traditional Chinese medicine principle of supporting healthy qi and dispelling pathogenic factors. The guide is intended as an academic and practical reference within integrated tumor management for dogs and cats.
The document covers TCVM formula theory, preparation process, raw-material and finished-product quality control, mechanisms of action, evidence levels, in vivo pharmacodynamic observations, veterinary application context, safety monitoring, follow-up, and evidence sources.
Formula theory and TCVM rationale
Preparation process and quality control
Mechanisms of action and evidence levels
Translational observations and veterinary interpretation
Safety monitoring and follow-up
Evidence sources, references, DOI, and PDF download
Abstract
TCMVET Baituxiao is a professional herbal supplement developed from the traditional Chinese medicine principle of “supporting healthy qi and dispelling pathogenic factors.” The guide summarizes the academic rationale and practical reference points for its use in integrated tumor management in dogs and cats, including TCVM theory, formula composition, preparation and quality-control processes, ingredient pharmacology, in vivo pharmacodynamic observations, and veterinary clinical application considerations.
The guide discusses the potential supportive role of Baituxiao in immune modulation, tumor-microenvironment management, treatment-tolerance support, quality-of-life maintenance, and long-term follow-up. Mechanistic data, animal-model findings, and real-world observational data should be interpreted according to evidence tier, and should not be treated as direct proof of clinical efficacy in all canine and feline tumor cases.
Veterinary Review Purpose
This page is designed to help veterinarians and related professionals review TCMVET Baituxiao when pet owners, caregivers, or clinical teams are considering it as part of an integrated tumor-management plan.
For pet owners: Pet owners may share this page with their veterinarian for professional review and discussion.
Its role is to provide a structured professional reference: what the product is, how the evidence should be interpreted, what safety and monitoring points should be considered, how quality control is described, and where the complete PDF guide and DOI record can be reviewed.
For Pet-Owner Discussions
Provides a professional link that pet owners can share with their veterinarian during decision-making.
Connects the online overview with the full PDF guide, version number, release date, DOI, and reference structure.
Evidence Stratification
Professional reading note: This guide is intended for veterinarians and related professionals. Terms related to treatment, efficacy, prevention, and disease are used in the context of veterinary academic exchange and clinical decision-making support.
Evidence from single herbs, individual ingredients, in vitro experiments, mouse models, tumor-bearing dog models, real-world canine and feline cases, and clinical observations represents different levels of certainty and should be interpreted accordingly. No single model, ingredient, or exploratory case should be treated as confirmatory evidence for all canine and feline tumor cases.
Clinical Use Context
TCMVET Baituxiao should be understood as a professional herbal supplement reference within integrated tumor management, rather than a standalone replacement for diagnosis, surgery, chemotherapy, radiotherapy, imaging, pathology, or veterinary oncology decision-making. In practical use, it is best reviewed in the context of the animal’s diagnosis, disease stage, current treatment plan, tolerance, owner goals, and follow-up capacity.
Clinical Position
A supportive reference within an integrated veterinary management framework for dogs and cats.
Professional Interpretation
Use should be considered alongside diagnosis, staging, concurrent medications, treatment plan, owner goals, tolerance, and quality-of-life status.
Veterinary Review Checklist
This checklist is intended to support practical veterinary review when Baituxiao is being discussed as part of an integrated tumor-management plan.
Confirm diagnosis, working diagnosis, or current diagnostic limitations
Review tumor type, stage, progression pattern, and prior treatment response
Review surgery, chemotherapy, radiotherapy, NSAIDs, corticosteroids, targeted drugs, anticoagulant-related products, and other supplements
Assess hepatic status, renal status, gastrointestinal tolerance, body condition, and appetite
Define monitoring points such as body weight, comfort, energy, stool quality, vomiting, lesion changes, CBC, chemistry, imaging, or measurement-based follow-up when clinically appropriate
Set a reasonable reassessment interval based on tumor behavior, treatment plan, and owner follow-up capacity
What This Page Does Not Claim
This page does not present Baituxiao as a replacement for veterinary diagnosis, pathology, imaging, surgery, chemotherapy, radiotherapy, or oncology decision-making. It is intended to support professional review and discussion within an integrated management context.
Mechanistic, animal-model, translational, and real-world observations should be interpreted by evidence tier. They should not be read as uniform clinical proof for every canine or feline tumor case.
Safety and Monitoring Snapshot
Veterinary monitoring should be individualized according to tumor type, stage, concurrent therapies, body condition, hepatic and renal status, gastrointestinal tolerance, and owner-observed quality-of-life changes.
Practical reassessment should be considered if unexpected vomiting or diarrhea, appetite decline, lethargy, abnormal CBC or chemistry changes, rapid tumor progression, hepatic or renal concerns, or major treatment-plan changes occur.
Concurrent Treatments
Review chemotherapy, radiotherapy, surgery, NSAIDs, corticosteroids, targeted drugs, anticoagulant-related products, and other herbs.
Consider CBC, chemistry, imaging, lesion measurement, and adverse-event assessment when clinically appropriate.
Reassessment
Reassess use if adverse signs, rapid progression, hepatic or renal concerns, or major treatment-plan changes occur.
Quality-Control Highlights
The guide emphasizes a full-process quality-control approach from raw-material selection to extraction, concentration, drying, capsule formation, and finished-product testing.
Dao-di source selection and internal raw-material standards
Priority for wild or wild-simulated materials where appropriate
Batch source records for traceability of origin, harvest, primary processing, and warehousing
Heavy metals, pesticide residues, microbial limits, mycotoxins, and sulfur dioxide testing where applicable
Marker constituents and fingerprint consistency
Fill-weight variation, disintegration, moisture, stability, and batch-to-batch consistency
Contents
The online structure highlights sections most relevant for rapid professional review. The full PDF guide provides the complete formal document order, complete tables, complete references, and archival version.
I. Formula Theory
TCVM pathogenesis, formula strategy, compatibility principles, and major ingredient rationale.
II. Preparation Process and Quality Control
Dao-di sourcing, process optimization, extraction, capsule formation, marker constituents, and QC indicators.
III. Major Mechanisms of Action and Evidence Levels
Immune modulation, tumor microenvironment, apoptosis, angiogenesis, metastasis, and protective mechanisms.
IV. In Vivo Pharmacodynamics and Translational Observations
Early mouse-model observations and translational tumor-bearing dog-model observations.
V–IX. Practice, Synergy, Safety, and Follow-up
Veterinary application context, acupuncture synergy, botanical-product synergy, monitoring, and assessment.
X–XII. Real-World Data, Abbreviations, and References
Observational case data, terminology, evidence-source methodology, references, and appendix materials.
Formula Theory
Understanding of Pathogenesis in Traditional Chinese Medicine
According to this theoretical framework, the core pathogenesis of tumors arises from deficiency of healthy qi, accumulation of heat-toxin, and interbinding of phlegm and blood stasis. When the body’s defense mechanism is weakened, heat-toxin may accumulate and disrupt the circulation of qi, blood, and body fluids, leading to pathological products that may congeal into masses.
Formula Principles and Strategy
The formula strategy establishes four therapeutic methods: clearing heat and resolving toxicity, activating blood and dispelling stasis, transforming phlegm and dispersing nodules, and supporting healthy qi while consolidating the root. The formula follows the traditional monarch-minister-assistant-courier compatibility principle.
Representative Ingredients and Professional Rationale
Swipe horizontally to view the full table on mobile.
Ingredient / Botanical Name
TCM / TCVM Rationale
Representative Modern Pharmacological Focus
Hedyotis diffusa / Oldenlandia diffusa
Clears heat and resolves toxicity; activates blood and promotes dampness drainage.
Strengthens the spleen and promotes dampness drainage.
PSK and PSP, immune modulation, antitumor activity, radiotherapy and chemotherapy tolerance support.
Note: The finished formula may also contain additional undisclosed natural ingredients and carefully selected compatible components as part of proprietary processing technology.
Mechanisms and Evidence Levels
The mechanisms of action are presented under the synergistic concept of multiple components, multiple targets, and multiple pathways. The A/B/C grading primarily reflects the strength of mechanistic support and consistency of data, and should not be interpreted as direct clinical efficacy evidence for the finished compound formula in all dogs and cats.
Swipe horizontally to view the full table on mobile.
Evidence Level
Meaning in This Guide
Professional Interpretation
Grade A
Strong mechanistic support from multiple well-designed preclinical studies or preliminary clinical data.
Useful for mechanistic plausibility; still requires professional clinical interpretation.
Grade B
Moderate support from some in vitro or animal experimental data with limited clinical evidence.
Appropriate as supportive mechanistic context, not as a standalone clinical conclusion.
Grade C
Theoretical or preliminary support based on traditional theory, known pharmacological inference, or early research.
Should be read cautiously and interpreted as exploratory or hypothesis-supporting.
Immune-System Modulation
Innate and adaptive immune regulation, cytokine networks, immune surveillance, and tumor microenvironment support.
Direct Tumor-Cell Mechanisms
Apoptosis induction, cell-cycle arrest, tumor-stem-cell pathways, and autophagic cell-death mechanisms.
Hematopoietic support, antioxidant and hepatoprotective effects, treatment-tolerance support, and overall function.
In Vivo and Translational Observations
The full guide distinguishes early exploratory mouse tumor-bearing observations from translational observations in tumor-bearing dog models. These model types differ in research purpose, species background, tumor microenvironment, and clinical relevance, and should not be directly equated.
Early mouse-model observations were used to evaluate preliminary in vivo pharmacodynamic trends of the finished compound formula, including tumor-growth dynamics, endpoint tumor weight, inflammatory factors, and histopathological changes. Dog-model observations are positioned as more relevant supportive information for target-animal translational interpretation.
Veterinary interpretation: These observations should be understood as part of a translational evidence chain rather than as standalone proof of clinical efficacy in dogs and cats. Detailed tables and full data context are provided in the complete PDF guide.
Follow-up and Assessment
Follow-up should combine owner-observed quality-of-life indicators with veterinary examination and objective measurement where possible. Suitable evaluation points may include visible lesion size, imaging results, body weight, appetite, activity, comfort, adverse events, bloodwork, and time-based disease-course trends.
Clinical Signs
Appetite, activity, sleep, comfort, stool, vomiting, pain signs, and respiratory or urinary changes.
Objective Measures
Measurements, imaging, laboratory values, VCOG-style adverse-event monitoring, and tumor-response criteria where applicable.
Long-Term Review
Trend-based follow-up helps evaluate tolerability, quality of life, and overall integrated-management direction.
Abbreviations
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Abbreviation
Meaning
TCMVET
Traditional Chinese Medicine Veterinary / TCMVET brand context.
TCVM
Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine.
TME
Tumor microenvironment.
NF-κB
Nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells.
MAPK
Mitogen-activated protein kinase.
VEGF
Vascular endothelial growth factor.
MMP
Matrix metalloproteinase.
EMT
Epithelial-mesenchymal transition.
PSK
Polysaccharide-K from Turkey tail.
PSP
Polysaccharopeptide from Turkey tail.
VCOG
Veterinary Cooperative Oncology Group.
CTCAE
Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events.
Evidence Sources and References
Evidence sources in the guide are divided into three major categories: canine and feline clinical studies, veterinary oncology consensus documents and official drug information; in vitro and animal studies of constituent herbs or extracts; and human oncology, pharmacokinetic, or safety studies. Research at the constituent or medicinal-material level can support mechanistic plausibility, but should not automatically be equated with confirmatory clinical efficacy of the finished compound formula in dogs and cats.
The complete reference list, full tables, and complete formal document order are provided in the full PDF guide.
Citation
Suggested citation:
TCMVET. TCMVET Baituxiao Veterinary Academic Guide and Application Reference for Integrated Tumor Management in Dogs and Cats. Formal Release Version v1.6.7. 2026-05-12. DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.20137774.
View the Full PDF Guide
TCMVET Baituxiao Veterinary Academic Guide for Integrated Tumor Management in Dogs and Cats
This online version is provided for convenient reading and navigation. The full PDF guide includes the complete formal document order, complete mechanism tables, complete in vivo observation tables, complete references, citation information, and archival version. For formal citation, complete reference review, complete tables, archival use, and professional sharing, please use the full PDF guide.
